Teenage Pregnancy And Social Exclusion Social Work Essay

Teen eon gestation period And Social Exclusion Social Work EssayThe aim of this study or treation is to analyse and discuss the impact of the labour government policy on young pregnancy and kindly exclusion in the United Kingdom, to what extent has the policy achieved its aims and objectives and if the objectives puddle not been met, why and how it may be improved, what be its shortcomings and constraints in the implementation process or if the policy itself was not well put together.Barry (2002) argues that social exclusion occurs when individuals or groups are not given the opportunity to participate in society, whether or not they desire to participate.The British Government in 2001 defined social exclusion as a shorthand term for what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, suffering skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime, bad health and family breakdown.(Cabinet Office, 2001)Burchardt, Le Grand and Piacha ud, (2002) identify consumption (the capacity to purchase goods and services, including health services), production (taking part in economically or socially valuable activities including voluntary rub down), political interaction or participation (involvement in local or national decision-making) and social interactions (integration with family, friends and the wider community) as the four key elements of social participation. These elements individually can represent an outcome measure for social exclusion or inclusion. Teenage pregnancy is a lay on the line factor for social exclusion. Social disadvantage refers to a range of social and economic difficulties an individual can face such as unemployment, poverty, and discrimination and is distributed unequally on the basis of socio-demographic characteristics such as ethnicity, socioeconomic position, educational level, and place of residence (Wellings and Kane, 1999).Social exclusion can happen to anybody but is more plethoric among young people in care, young people not in school and among immaturers growing up in low income households , or those growing up with family conflicts and people from some minority ethnic communities are disproportionately at encounter of social exclusion. people are also most vulnerable at periods such as leaving home, care or education.Teenage birth range in the UK are the highest in Western Europe and pregnancy among girls on a lower floor hexadteen years of age in England and Wales have increased since 2006, more than four in ten girls still get pregnant before the age of twenty. Two-thirds of all students have sex before graduating from school and are exposed to pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. (ONS, 2009).Social exclusion Unit (2001) in their name to cabinet said that In England, there are nearly 90,000 conceptions a year to teenagers around 7,700 to girls under 16 and 2,200 to girls immemorial 14 or under. virtually three-fifth parts of conceptions 56,000 result in live births. Although more than two-thirds of under 16s do not have sex and most teenage girls reach their twenties without getting pregnant, the UK has teenage birth rates which are twice as high as in Germany, three times as high as inFrance and six times as high as in the Netherlands.Teens that get pregnant are less likely to complete their education therefore risks making their future(a) worse. They are more likely to be single parents and are more likely to contract sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. Every year there are red-hot entrants into teenage world.The risk factors that affect early teenage pregnancies are economic disadvantages, peer pressure, emotional distress, sexual beliefs, attitude and skills, family structure, community disadvantages, sexual risk taking and poor contraceptive use. (Kirby, 2007).The main policy initiatives (750) bracing Labour (1997) introduced policies that aim to reduce young peoples risks of low educational attain ment, poor or no job prospects, criminality and outending, teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).Tony Blair (PM, 2001) in a foreword to the Report by the Social Exclusion Unit on Preventing Social exclusion said Preventing exclusion where we can, reintegrating those who have become excluded, and investing in basic minimum standards for all and we have worked in a new way developing partnerships around common goals with the public services, communities and charities, businesses and church organisations that have been struggling with the causes and symptoms of poverty for so long.The policy used risk management approaches as a way of reducing risks of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases amongst young people by using strategies that gives the individual choices , responsibilities and make them part of the solution. New Labours policies on teenage pregnancy centres around teenage pregnancy and sexuality using Knowledge Acquisition, Shifting Blame and Constituting Knowing Active Welfare Citizens as strategic Risk Management options.The New Labour government set up a Teenage Pregnancy Strategy overseen by the Teenage Pregnancy Unit and the strategy centres on reducing the rate of teenage conceptions, with the specific aim of halving the rate of conceptions among under 18s by 2010.Getting more teenage parents into education, formulation or employment, to reduce their risk of long term social exclusion.The Social Exclusion Unit was setup by the New Labour government to order policy-making issues like school exclusion and truancy, rough sleeping, teenage pregnancy, youth at risk and deprive neighbourhoods through,preventing social exclusion happening in the front place by reducing the numbers who go through experiences that put them at risk or targeting action to compensate for the impact of these experiences ,reintegrating those who become excluded keep going into society, by providing clear ways back for those who have l ost their job or their housing, and missed out on learning andgetting the basics responsibility by delivering basic minimum standards to everyone in health, education, in-work income, employment and tackling crime.Critically analyse policies-SID,RED,MUDCritical analysis of the Policy, (2000)Action to prevent social exclusion is delivering resultsthe proportion of children in homes where no-one is in work has go from 17.9 per cent in1997 to 15.1 per cent in 2001over 100,000 children are benefiting from the Sure Start programme to ensure they are tack tolearn by the time they reach primary school school exclusions have fallen by 18 per cent mingled with 1997 and 1999 under-18 conception rates have fallen in four out of the last five quartersmore 16-18 year olds are staying on in educationthe forethought Leavers strategy has been introducedthe Rough Sleepers Unit is piloting new approaches to end the fast track to homelessness fromprison and the Armed ForcesSummaryStakeholder Pens ions will help moderate earners signifier up better pension entitlements from thisApril. Some 18 million people stand to gain from the currentm Second Pension, providing moresupport than under the State Earnings Related Pension Scheme (SERPS) for modest and low paidworkers, and for carers and the disabled andthe personal tax and benefit measures introduced over this Parliament mean that by October2001, a single-earner family on half average earnings and with two young children will be 3,000a year better off in real terms compared with 1997. Families with someone in full-time work willhave a guaranteed minimum income of at least 225 a week, 11,700 a year. And families withchildren in the poorest fifth of the population will on average be 1,700 a year or around15 per cent better off.And programmes to reintegrate people who have become excluded are recording successessince 1997 more than 270,000 young unemployed people have moved into work through theNew Deal for Young packover 6 ,000 people have found work through the New Deal for Disabled People and over 75,000people had found work between October 1998 and December 2000 through the New Deal forLone Parentsall Local Education Authorities (LEAs) have increased provision for excluded pupils, a third alreadydo so, and two-thirds plan to offer them full-time education in 2001between June 1998 and June 2000, the number of rough sleepers fell by 36 per cent andthe proportion of teenage parents in education, employment or training has increased from 16 to31 per cent between 1997 and 2000.And changes in basic public and private services are focusing improvements on the pooresthigher standards than ever before in Key Stage 2 English and maths with a ten and 13 persona point improvement in each subject respectively between 1998 and 200044 Local Education Authorities (LEAs) in the 88 most deprived areas2 improved their Key Stage 2maths results by 14 per cent or more between 1998 and 2000. The most improved area was je rk Hamlets, with an increase of 23 per cent24 LEAs in deprived areas improved their Key Stage 2 English results by 11 per cent or more overthe same periodbetween 1998 and 2000 children from most minority ethnic communities saw a rise inachievement of GCSEs. This includes an eight region point increase in the number of blackpupils achieving five or more GCSE grade A*-C, against an average for all pupils of threepercentage pointsunemployment has fallen faster than the national average in 19 of the 20 highest unemploymentareasthe combined effects of Minimum Income Guarantee (MIG), Winter Fuel Payments and freetelevision licences for those aged 75 and over mean that from April 2001 around two million ofthe poorest pensioner households will be at least 800 a year better off compared with 1997 areal terms rise in living standards of 17 per cent.together with tax and benefit reforms, the national minimum wage has helped to make work payand encourage individuals to move from benefits into work andby the end of 2000, all the high street banks offered a basic bank account available to all.Preventing social exclusionThese improvements are a good start. Trends on literacy, school exclusion, post-16 participation andrough sleeping are on track. Incomes for the poorest pensioners and families, and for low-paidworkers, have risen substantially. Where programmes have been tiresome to deliver results, for exampleon truancy, the Government is intensifying action. But many of the programmes in this documentare only in their infancy, and are on communication channel to deliver more substantial results over time. At the sametime, policy innovation has been accompanied by new structures and new ways of working in spite of appearanceGovernment. These have created clearer accountability for cross-cutting subjects such as roughsleeping, neighbourhood renewal and youth policy set the basis for a new relationship of coalition with groups outside Government organised services around the needs of the clientand helped people to help themselvesPolicy can exacerbate and not alleviate cobblers last (500)The 1999 UK governments report on teenage pregnancy concluded that the following were risk factors for pregnancies among teenage girls socioeconomic disadvantage, having been oneself the child of a teenage parent, poor communication with parents, not being in education, training or work after age 16 years, peer pressure to have sex early, educational problems such as low achievement and truancy, alcohol use, low knowledge about sexual health, and learning about sex from sources other than schoolHowever, these conclusions were based on conclusion that was rather old or from cross-sectional studies, which are not the best guide to current trends